Water T2 Biomarker Could Help Stop Diabetes Before It Starts

“Eureka” moments still happen in scientific research.

Newswise — David P. Cistola, MD, PhD, had his moment in August 2014 when he and his research team discovered a blood biomarker that identifies individuals who could be at risk for Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. That discovery could revolutionize how the early changes that lead to diabetes are detected—giving patients the opportunity to make lifestyle modifications or initiate therapies that prevent the disease from developing in the first place.

The biomarker, water T₂, is extremely sensitive to changes in metabolic health. As water is the most abundant molecule in the blood, water T₂ can be measured using a small drop of blood from a finger stick. 

People who test positive in conventional glucose screening tests already have Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Both conditions are associated with a decline in the pancreas’ capacity to secrete insulin. However, there is an earlier, hidden stage where pancreatic insulin secretion is still adequate and glucose levels remain normal. Water T₂ detects this hidden stage.

The water T₂ test has parallels with cancer screening, where the goal is to detect individuals in stage 1, rather than stages 2 or 3 after the disease has spread. “Stage 1” in the progression toward Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, as well as barely sufficient insulin secretion, said Cistola, TTUHSC El Paso professor and director of the Center of Emphasis in Diabetes and Metabolism. If not corrected, these processes will progress and gradually destroy insulin-producing cells, causing other abnormalities throughout the body that can later become diabetic complications.

“I remember the day we made the initial discovery,” Cistola said. “At that point, we'd studied only about 10 patients, and even then, the correlation between water T₂ and markers of insulin resistance just popped right out.”

Cistola knew immediately he was on to something. “I remember literally taking the results and running down the stairway and talking with (colleagues) about how to develop this technology. With scientific discovery, there's serendipity involved. You start collecting data, and you often don't know what you're going to find,” he said.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently awarded Cistola a two-year, $229,500 grant to validate and expand upon his initial findings, which were published in the Journal of Translational Medicine. The grant will support the validation of water T₂ using biobanked samples from subjects who participated in the PREMIER Study, a randomized clinical trial. The blood samples are being provided by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the division of the NIH that awarded the grant.

The instrument for measuring water T₂ uses technology similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but is miniaturized into in a tabletop device about the size of a toaster. Fifty microliters (the equivalent of one small drop) of blood is drawn into a vial and placed directly into the device without the need for chemical reagents. Within three minutes, a measure of an individual’s metabolic health is obtained. If many samples are to be analyzed, a robot can be used to automatically change samples and speed up the process. 

Poor metabolic health affects at least one-third of U.S. adults and is a risk factor for both Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Because current screening tests do not detect these early abnormalities, the best opportunity for potential disease prevention is missed.

Water T₂, Cistola’s biomarker, centers on the rate that water molecules tumble in the blood. “Think of a water molecule as a teeny, tiny ball, and that ball can rotate inside the blood,” Cistola said. “When the water molecule is by itself, it tumbles very rapidly. But when it hitches a ride with a protein molecule, now it's tumbling with the protein, a much larger ball. The bigger the protein, the slower the water tumbling and the lower the water T₂ value. An individual with poor metabolic health has, on average, larger proteins in the blood, and water T₂ can detect that difference.”

Cistola’s initial T₂ biomarker study involved 72 participants. The validation study, started in August 2018 and currently in progress, will expand the sample size to 810 people, with 4,860 individual samples to be analyzed in TTUHSC El Paso’s lab. The samples were originally collected, frozen and biobanked in the early 2000s as part of the PREMIER study. The parent study recruited people with mild to moderately elevated blood pressure and then randomly assigned them to three different treatment groups to see which lowered blood pressure. “A number of the study participants had poor metabolic health, not just elevated blood pressure,” Cistola said.

The treatments were diet, physical activity or lifestyle coaching. Pharmaceuticals were not involved.

By testing blood samples from the three intervention groups, Cistola will be able to show how the T₂ measurement is affected by different lifestyle changes.

“It's one thing to use the measurement to screen for people who are in poor metabolic health,” Cistola said. “But then, as they improve their metabolic health through lifestyle changes and better diet or physical activity, does the measurement actually respond to that? Does the T₂ go back up?”

If the water T₂ improves with a reduction in insulin resistance and inflammation, then it’s a very powerful tool for monitoring changes in metabolic health, Cistola said.

The ultimate goal is to implement this technology in primary care clinics and community health centers. Doing that will require technology transfer and company partnerships. Cistola has been receiving guidance from David Snow, PhD, in the Office of Research Commercialization for the Texas Tech University System.

Cistola is hopeful that one day, thanks to this research, patients can be screened for metabolic health using this simple and rapid test during a routine doctor’s visit.

DIABETES IMPACT

400 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with diabetes, including 14 percent of U.S. adults, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A generation from now, there will be 600 million people worldwide with diabetes.¹

As of 2017, it costs $1.3 trillion to care for people with diabetes, with the bill expected to increase in the coming years.²

Source: 

¹Guariguata L, Whiting DR, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, Shaw JE: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014, 103:137-149.

²Bommer C, Heesemann E, Sagalova V, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R, Barnighausen T, Vollmer S: The global economic burden of diabetes in adults aged 20-79 years: a cost-of-illness study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017, 5:423-430