What is sleep paralysis?
Sleep paralysis is an episode where your brain tells the body that you’re still in the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep in which the limbs are temporarily paralyzed (to prevent physically acting out dreams), heart rate and blood pressure rise, and breathing becomes more irregular and shallow. This is the stage of sleep where your most vivid dreams occur, which can explain why some people may hallucinate during sleep paralysis.
“Sleep paralysis is a frightening event,” said Steven Bender, DDS, director of the Center for Facial Pain and Sleep Medicine and clinical assistant professor with the Texas A&M College of Dentistry. “Someone is awake, but they have no control of their body and might possibly even see things that aren’t there because their brain still thinks it’s in REM sleep.”
Sleep paralysis differs from dreaming and night terrors mainly due to the fact that the brain is awake, even if it hasn’t told the body just yet.
“When people have a nightmare, they sleep, have a dream and then wake up,” Bender said. “When they’re experiencing sleep paralysis, they may have a dream when they are already awake.”
What can occur during sleep paralysis?
Spells of sleep paralysis last only a few moments—at most a couple minutes—and typically only occur when falling asleep or waking up. In addition to muscle atonia, someone experiencing sleep paralysis can have the experience of dreaming with the added involvement of being conscious and aware of their surroundings.
“People who experience sleep paralysis can have vivid hallucinations because they are dreaming,” Bender said. “People have felt like they’re levitating or that someone is in their bedroom or a variety of other strange experiences—like alien abductions.”
REM sleep occurs in cycles of about 90 to 120 minutes throughout the night, and it accounts for up to a quarter of total sleep time in adults—particularly towards the latter end of sleep. Because rapid and irregular breathing occurs in REM sleep, people who experience sleep paralysis may struggle to breathe properly, which can feel like suffocation.
Who is at risk for sleep paralysis?
This phenomenon may happen more often than you’d think, as seven to eight percent of the population may experience sleep paralysis. It is more frequent in African-Americans, young adults and females. Those who have bad sleep habits, such as napping during the day or being on their phone or laptop in bed, can potentially increase their risk for sleep paralysis.
People who have narcolepsy, a chronic sleep disorder that causes overwhelming drowsiness, or other sleep disorders have an increased risk for sleep paralysis. Other mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety, have also been linked with greater chances of sleep paralysis.
Will this be a regular occurrence?
The diagnosis for sleep paralysis is fairly simple and is not typically a reoccurring problem for those who aren’t diagnosed with conditions affecting sleep. The main way to avoid the phenomenon is to improve sleep hygiene. These good sleep habits include sleeping and waking at regular times, avoiding watching television or playing on a laptop or cell phone in bed, avoiding naps during the day and avoiding stimulants close to bed time. Although it is a strange and frightening experience, it’s not something that should be a cause for concern.
“Sleep paralysis isn’t dangerous or harmful,” Bender said. “If it becomes a regular problem, then consult your primary health care provider, and they can help you manage it.”
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