Credit: Qianxiang Xiao, Yawei Liu, Zhenjiang Guo, Zhiping Liu, and Xianren Zhang
(a) From top to bottom, the model for solvent, soluble surfactant and insoluble surfactant, respectively. For the surfactant molecules, small orange beads represent surfactant tail (non-polar, hydrophobic region) and the larger green beads represent surfactant head (polar, hydrophilic region). (b) The final configuration for a stable nanobubble is shown here with gray sections representing liquid molecules, the blue area representing top substrate and the tan area representing the bottom substrate.