The Science
Think of a computer chip that bends, rather than breaks. That’s the potential of a new study by scientists at Rice University and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Making such a chip requires a rapid, simple route to self-organizing tiny carbon tubes into thin films. The team’s method produces a film with millions of carbon nanotubes aligned and tightly packed, like water pipes on a flatbed truck. The tubes are orders of magnitude better aligned than previously possible. The team’s method for creating the film balances forces between the tubes and polymer membrane surfaces to harness a spontaneous self-alignment mechanism.
The Impact
Assembly is a key challenge to fabricating flexible computer chips, displays, and other devices from carbon nanotubes. Self-assembly of the carbon nanotubes is particularly vital as one looks to integrate multiple devices into useful systems. The researchers were up to the challenge. They harnessed a spontaneous self-alignment mechanism to create a fast way to produce the needed films. The films have applications in imaging, sensing and security.
Summary
Inside an individual carbon nanotube, electrons, phonons and excitons can travel in only one dimension. This property enables the tube to have electronic, optical and thermal properties that depend on direction. For example, electrical current can flow along the length of the tube but not perpendicular to it. Tightly bundling millions of tubes together would greatly increase the current-carrying capacity. Despite significant efforts to produce large-scale architectures of aligned nanotubes, results have been limited. In this study, scientists showed that films greater than a centimeter squared of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes are possible by combining surfactant chemistry and slow vacuum filtration.
The nanotubes in the resulting films are aligned and tightly packed, with 1 million nanotubes in a cross-sectional area of one square micron (about 1/10,000 the cross-sectional area of a human hair). The method works for nanotubes created using various methods. In addition, the method works with different lengths of nanotubes, meaning film thickness is controllable from a few nanometers to around 100 nanometers. Combining this method with recently developed carbon nanotube sorting techniques allows for highly aligned and chirality-enriched nanotube thin-film devices. The team demonstrated how the films could be used as efficient terahertz polarizers and thin film transistors for optoelectronic applications.
Funding
This work was supported by Basic Energy Sciences in the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science through grant DE-FG02-06ER46308 (for the preparation and characterization of aligned carbon nanotube films) and the Robert A. Welch Foundation through grant C-1509 (for terahertz and infrared characterization). S.K.D. and E.H.H. acknowledge support from the Los Alamos National Laboratory Laboratory Directed Research and Development program. Portions of this work were performed at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science user facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, project C2011B21. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Publications
X. He, W. Gao, L. Xie, B. Li, Q. Zhang, S. Lei, J.M. Robinson, E.H. Hároz, S.K. Doorn, W. Wang, R. Vajtai, P.M. Ajayan, W.W. Adams, R.H. Hauge, and J. Kono, “Wafer-scale monodomain films of spontaneously aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes.” Nature Nanotechnology 11, 633-638 (2016). [DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.44]
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