Credit: Image reprinted with permission from Chung, D., et al. “Direct conversion of plant biomass to ethanol by engineered Caldicellulosiruptor bescii,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111(24), 8931–8936. © (2014) National Academy of Sciences, USA.
Comparison of bioethanol production strategies, including second-generation consolidated bioprocessing, a single-step process in which a microbe breaks down unpretreated cellulosic biomass and converts the resulting sugars into fuel.