Newswise — Scientists from the University of Bristol’s Quantum Engineering Technology Labs (QETLabs) have developed an algorithm that provides valuable insights into the physics underlying quantum systems - paving the way for significant advances in quantum computation and sensing, and potentially turning a new page in scientific investigation.
In physics, systems of particles and their evolution are described by mathematical models, requiring the successful interplay of theoretical arguments and experimental verification. Even more complex is the description of systems of particles interacting with each other at the quantum mechanical level, which is often done using a Hamiltonian model. The process of formulating Hamiltonian models from observations is made even harder by the nature of quantum states, which collapse when attempts are made to inspect them.
In the paper, Learning models of quantum systems from experiments, published in Nature Physics, quantum mechanics from Bristol’s QET Labs describe an algorithm which overcomes these challenges by acting as an autonomous agent, using machine learning to reverse engineer Hamiltonian models.
The team developed a new protocol to formulate and validate approximate models for quantum systems of interest. Their algorithm works autonomously, designing and performing experiments on the targeted quantum system, with the resultant data being fed back into the algorithm. It proposes candidate Hamiltonian models to describe the target system, and distinguishes between them using statistical metrics, namely Bayes factors.
Excitingly, the team were able to successfully demonstrate the algorithm’s ability on a real-life quantum experiment involving defect centres in a diamond, a well-studied platform for quantum information processing and quantum sensing.
The algorithm could be used to aid automated characterisation of new devices, such as quantum sensors. This development therefore represents a significant breakthrough in the development of quantum technologies.
“Combining the power of today’s supercomputers with machine learning, we were able to automatically discover structure in quantum systems. As new quantum computers/simulators become available, the algorithm becomes more exciting: first it can help to verify the performance of the device itself, then exploit those devices to understand ever-larger systems,” said Brian Flynn from the University of Bristol’s QETLabs and Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training.
“This level of automation makes it possible to entertain myriads of hypothetical models before selecting an optimal one, a task that would be otherwise daunting for systems whose complexity is ever increasing,” said Andreas Gentile, formerly of Bristol’s QETLabs, now at Qu & Co.
“Understanding the underlying physics and the models describing quantum systems, help us to advance our knowledge of technologies suitable for quantum computation and quantum sensing,” said Sebastian Knauer, also formerly of Bristol’s QETLabs and now based at the University of Vienna’s Faculty of Physics.
Anthony Laing, co-Director of QETLabs and Associate Professor in Bristol’s School of Physics, and an author on the paper, praised the team: “In the past we have relied on the genius and hard work of scientists to uncover new physics. Here the team have potentially turned a new page in scientific investigation by bestowing machines with the capability to learn from experiments and discover new physics. The consequences could be far reaching indeed.”
The next step for the research is to extend the algorithm to explore larger systems, and different classes of quantum models which represent different physical regimes or underlying structures.
Paper:
Learning models of quantum systems from experiments by Gentile et al. in Nature Physics.
Link when paper is live: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-021-01201-7
Further information:
Images can be downloaded from the following link: https://fluff.bris.ac.uk/fluff/u3/se17762/no_IyKvS_m1iAxTzN4sfig0TG/
Image captions:
- authors.jpg: Some of the authors of the paper: Rafaelle Santagati (top left); Andreas Gentile (top right); Sebastian Knauer (bottom left); Brian Flynn (bottom right)
- search_tree.pdf: The search tree constructed by the Quantum Model Learning Agent (QMLA). Each leaf is a candidate model generated by QMLA and then tested against the target system. Proposed models are more complex as the tree progresses,e.g.H4 and H5 involve more interactions than H1, H2, H3. Links between candidate models indicate the statistical evidence supporting one over the other (“Bayes factors”). Models are held on branches, where branch champions are selected after a round of comparisons. Ultimately, a global champion model is nominated by QMLA as the approximation of the target system.
- interface.pdf: QMLA interfaces with both the quantum system of interest, and a simulator that implements candidate models. Outcomes of experiments are fed back into QMLA to serve as evidence for model comparisons.
- dynamics.pdf: the experimental measurements (red dots) compared with the predicted outcomes of the champion model chosen by QMLA (turquoise).
- setup.jpg: the nitrogen vacancycentreset-up, that was used for the first experimental demonstration of QMLA.
The Quantum Engineering Technology Labs (QET Labs)
(QET Lab) at the University of Bristol was launched in April 2015 and encompasses activity of over 100 academics, staff and students. It brings together the broader quantum and related activity at Bristol to maximise opportunities for new science discoveries that underpin engineering and technology development.
QET Labs brings together the Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training (QE-CDT), the Quantum Technology Enterprise Centre (QTEC) and the research teams of it's staff and students. Working together, we aim to transform science into real concept demonstrators and entrepreneurial innovation that will the springboard for the commercial success of quantum technologies.
Bristol Quantum Information Institute Quantum information and its translation into technologies is one of the most exciting research activities in science and technology today. Long at the forefront of the growing worldwide activity in this area, the Bristol Quantum Information Institute crystallises our research across the entire spectrum, from theory to technology. With our expert cross-disciplinary team, including founders of the field, we have expertise in all major areas of theoretical quantum information science and in experiment. We foster partnerships with the private sector and provide superb teaching and training for the future generation of quantum scientists and engineers and the prototypes of tomorrow.
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