Researchers Etan Green and David Daniels at Stanford Graduate School of Business analyzed more than a million Major League Baseball pitches and found that when the stakes are high, umpires err on the side of making calls that maintain the status quo. This has implications for decision makers in other contexts, as well, like judges and physicians.

More information about the research:http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/news/headlines/research-do-we-shy-away-pivotal-calls