Newswise — The University of Arkansas' Arkansas Archaeological Survey has received a $175,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to support a thr ee-year study of prehistoric and protohistoric rock art in Arkansas. The project will be the first comprehensive attempt to place Arkansas rock art within a regional framework.
Professor George Sabo III is project director, assisted by professor Jerry Hi lliard, Michelle Berg Vogel, and several other Arkansas Archeological Survey staff members. Professor Jon Russ and Sarah Spades of Arkansas State University and professor Marvin Rowe and Karen Steelman of Texas A&M University are project collaborators who will conduct geochemistry studies to determine the ages of selected rock art images.
Their approach considers rock art sites as components of a "cultural landscape" that also includes other site types such as ceremonial mound centers, villages, camps and natural landscape features used by or considered important to local human groups. By detailed study of the art motifs themselves, combined with landscape data, the researchers hope to identify different types of rock art sites and to explore their functi ons within the cultural system that created them. As an interpretive context for much of the art, the researchers look to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC), a late prehistoric religious manifestation widespread throughout the Southeast.
Rock art consists of paintings and carvings—called, respectively, pictographs and petroglyphs—on natural rock surfaces such as cliff faces and the walls of caves. It is found throughout the world as an ancient and enduring form of imaginative or expressive activi ty by human beings. Many people have heard of the famous Paleolithic cave paintings of the Dordogne region in France, but fewer are aware that American Indian rock art is widespread across this continent, and fewer still realize that Arkansas possesses one of the richest concentrations of rock art in the southeastern United States. In 2000 the Arkansas Archeological Survey began a project to update and systematize the information on rock art in its site files. Researchers created a computer database for rock art and an educational "Rock Art in Arkansas" Web site with a grant from the Arkansas Humanities Council,. The new NEH-funded project will build on these achievements and expand the geographic scope of the Survey's rock art research.
Detailed mappin g of rock art sites, using state-of-the-art computerized mapping technology, will provide data for a study of environmental context, to see if different site types can be identified according to geographic and "cultural landscape" criteria. These criteria include accessibility, proximity to other resources, orientation to the cardinal directions, "viewscapes" and other factors. This phase of the project is designed to demonstrate that different kinds of rock art were produced in different behavioral conte xts and for different purposes. The contexts could be practical (such as trail and boundary marking), cultural (such as storytelling), or sacred (such as mortuary rites, vision quest rites and shamanic rituals celebrating the community's connections to th e spirit world).
One reason why Arkansas rock art has received little systematic attention by archeologists in the past is the difficulty in dating it and thereby placing it within a cultural framework. That began to change in 1995, when Survey archeolog ist Jerry Hilliard led excavations at The Narrows in Crawford County, where tools used to create the painted petroglyphs at the site were unearthed in a datable context. This allowed Hilliard to assign the art to a cultural phase of the late prehistoric M ississippi period.
Part of the new NEH award will be used by the Arkansas State and Texas A&M University participants to carry out direct dating through geochemical analysis of the pigments used to create pictographs. These techniques have been applied successfully at rock art sites throughout North and South America, and recently at a site in Missouri where an 11th century A.D. date was obtained for a pictograph representing a "horned serpent" motif that is common in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Direct dating of images is extremely important in building an index of temporal reference points within the whole body of rock art images, but it is not possible to date all rock art in this way. Not only are the techniques expensive; they can only be used in conditions where organic compounds are preserved in the pigment.
Another way to provide cultural context for rock art is by relating the images to other embellished artifacts from known cultural phases that can be independently dated by radiocarbon and other techniques. In Arkansas, the similarity of certain rock art images to Southeastern Ceremonial Complex iconography has long been noted, but little has been done to explore the connection. The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex was a system of Americ an Indian religious beliefs and institutions found throughout the region during the Mississippi period, roughly A.D. 1000 to 1500. Elaborate depictions of supernatural themes including composite beings (bird-men, snake-men, winged serpents), circle-and-cr oss motifs, and various sky world motifs such as sunburst and bird figures, were produced on decorated pottery, stone tablets, engraved shell, and embossed copper as part of this system. Participating cultures also built ceremonial flat-topped earthen mou nds surmounted with special-purpose buildings that served as the focal points for community rituals. This project will be the first time rock art has been recognized as a significant component of SECC manifestations and interpreted as a part of that Compl ex.
A world-class collection of SECC-related artifacts from the famous Spiro site in eastern Oklahoma is housed at the University of Arkansas Museum and constitutes an essential source of comparative information for the successful completion of this pro ject. Most of these artifacts were acquired by the Museum during the 1930s.Many rock art sites have badly deteriorated over the past several decades due to vandalism, air pollution and other causes. For this reason, one phase of the project will be to co ntinue updating the site files with several forms of high-quality graphic documentation to preserve a record of the art for future research and enjoyment.
The Survey maintains a Web site about Arkansas rock art (http://rockart.uark.edu), and a short book on rock art is currently being prepared for publication in the Survey's Popular Series. Results of the NEH-funded project will be distributed via several traditional and new media publications targeted for general audience and classroom use as well as th e academic community.
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