Millions of people around the world are watching live as April the Giraffe (http://www.aprilthegiraffe.com/) expects to have a baby any time. But, in the past 30 years, wild giraffe populations fell 40 percent, according to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The causes were the usual suspects: illegal hunting; loss of habitat through agriculture and mining; increasing human-wildlife conflict; and war.
“Pretty dramatic,” Dr. Leah Gerber, founding director of Arizona State University’s Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, called the losses.
“The fate of the giraffe makes you wonder what the world will look like without such iconic species," she said. "Imagine a world without giraffes, tigers or rhinos. I imagine this loss would resonate deeply with many people. We value these things in the same we value art.”
Please contact Dr. Gerber directly at [email protected] or 480-727-3109 (e-mail preferred). To schedule an interview with or live broadcast from our radio/HDTV studio on campus, contact Leslie Minton at [email protected] or 480-727-4294.
Question: Giraffes are down 40 percent over the past 30 years. Another bummer tale from the Anthropocene. The big question is: Will we have to pick and choose what we want to save?
Dr. Gerber: Essentially the answer is yes. We will have to pick and choose what we want to save. In the context of what biodiversity is going to look like in the Anthropocene, we must recognize that the list of species that are endangered or threatened is increasing, as evidenced by this recent report on the new status of giraffes. That was the result of an IUCN Red List assessment that also included a reassessment for a number of bird species, some of which were listed at the same time they were declared extinct.
With this increasing list of imperiled populations, and no indication humans are slowing population growth or halting development or changing behaviors in a way that will allow persistence of all species on the planet, a pragmatic question is: Which species are important to us? Once we can answer that question, then we can plan accordingly. I realize that’s a provocative question, because we don’t like the idea of controlling nature in such a deliberate way. The predominant thinking is that we should leave nature to be natural, and it should do whatever nature does.
But the fact is we already have dramatically impacted natural systems on a global scale. So, by looking the other way and letting nature take its course, we are actually making a deliberate decision. We’re just not being explicit about it.
Q: Do you foresee a situation where we’re only saving the cute and cuddly things, such as giraffes and tigers?
Dr. Gerber: As a society, it’s up to us to decide what our priorities are. Maybe we can say explicitly we like the cute and cuddly things. I was talking with a group of ASU freshmen last week about this exact thing.
Here’s the status of global biodiversity: We have large rates of endangerment across all taxonomic groups. If we did have to choose, how would we choose? Would it be based on charisma and fuzziness? Or would it be on what’s cost-effective? We achieve more with less money by selecting this suite of species. Or would it be from a scientific approach and look at what species are most important in a functioning ecosystem? Not necessarily “we like you and you’re charismatic,” but which ones are most important? Or we could say the ones in most dire need, the ones on the verge of extinction, let’s focus on those?
The point is, there are many approaches.
Q: There is some good news out there. Tigers are up by about 700 individuals. Pangolin trade has been banned. New U.S. ivory regulations put the burden of origin on the seller, not the buyer. Bison were declared the national mammal; they’re coming back. And the giant panda has been downgraded from endangered to vulnerable. There are some bright spots out there.
Dr. Gerber: I agree. And I would argue in fact both internationally and in the U.S., we have to really focus on the bright spots to remember that our choices and actions have an impact. We are not just adding more and more species to this long list of endangered species that will never recover. With appropriate conservation action, it is possible to reverse some of these declines.
There is good evidence for success in conservation, and I think in this time of budget cuts and scrutiny about how we’re using federal and international resources for conserving species, it is important to know our choices have direct impacts on these species. It’s not just we’re dumping money into something that’s never going to increase.
Dr. Gerber is the founding director of ASU’s Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, senior sustainability scientist with the School for Sustainability and Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, and professor of ecology, environment, and environmental science. As a population ecologist and conservation biologist, Gerber works at the interface between behavior, population ecology, and demography; employs empirical and modeling approaches to longstanding conservation problems; and works with government and non-government organizations to connect basic research to tenable decision tools and policy in conservation settings.
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